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2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Neurasthenia? Wrong! If the Neurasthenia is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Neurasthenia then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Neurasthenia? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Neurasthenia and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Neurasthenia wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Neurasthenia then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Neurasthenia site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Neurasthenia, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Neurasthenia, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = Neurasthenia |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|48|0|f|40--> |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|300.5--> |
-->
Neurasthenia was a term first coined by George Miller Beard in
1869. Beard's definition of "neurasthenia" described a condition with symptoms of Fatigue (physical),
anxiety, headache, impotence,
neuralgia and
depression (mood).
Americans were supposed to be particularly prone to neurasthenia, which resulted in the nickname
"Americanitis" (popularized by William James).
Symptoms
It was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervous system's energy reserves, which Beard attributed to civilization. Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and the pressures placed on the intellectual class by the increasingly competitive business environment. Typically, it was associated with upper class individuals in sedentary employment.
Treatment
Beard, with his partner
A.D. Rockwell, advocated first electrotherapy and then increasingly experimental treatments for people with neurasthenia, a position that was controversial. An 1868 review posited that Beard's and Rockwell's grasp of the
scientific method was suspect and did not believe their claims to be warranted.
William James was diagnosed with neurasthenia, and was quoted as saying, "I take it that no man is educated who has never dallied with the thought of suicide." (Townsend, 1996).
Diagnosis
In the late
1800s, neurasthenia became a "popular" diagnosis, expanding to include such symptoms as
weakness (medical),
dizziness and fainting, and a common treatment was the
rest cure, especially for women, who were the gender primarily diagnosed with this condition at that time.
Virginia Woolf was known to have been forced to undergo rest cures, which she describes in her book
On Being Ill. In literature, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's protagonist in
The Yellow Wallpaper also rebels against her rest cure.
Marcel Proust was said to suffer from neurasthenia. To capitalize on this epidemic, the Rexall drug company introduced a medication called 'Americanitis Elixir' which claimed to be a soother for any bouts related to Neurasthenia.
Skepticism
In 1895, Sigmund Freud reviewed electrotherapy and declared it a "pretense treatment." He highlighted the example of Elizabeth von R's note that "the stronger these were the more they seemed to push her own pains into the background,". See also placebo effect.
Nevertheless, neurasthenia was a common diagnosis in
World War I - for example, every one of the c.1700 officers processed through the Craiglockhart War Hospital was diagnosed with neurasthenia - but its use declined a decade later.
Today
The modern view holds that the main problem with the neurasthenia diagnosis was that it attempted to group together a wide variety of cases. In recent years, Richard M. Fogoros has posited that perhaps "neurasthenia" was a word that could include some psychiatric conditions, but more importantly, many physiological conditions marginally more understood by the medical community, such as
fibromyalgia,
chronic fatigue syndrome, and various forms of
dysautonomia. He emphasizes that the majority of patients who would have once been diagnosed with neurasthenia have conditions that are "real, honest-to-goodness physiologic (as opposed to psychologic) disorders... and while they can make anybody crazy, they are not caused by craziness." (see reference, below)
See also
References
- Marcus, G. (1998, Jan. 26). Where are the the elixers of yesteryear when we hurt? The New York Times.
- Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, E. S. (2004). A history of modern psychology. (pp. 178-179). California: Thomson Wadsworth.
- Townsend, K. (1996). Manhood at Harvard: William James and others. (pp. 32-33). New York: W. W. Norman
- Ross, D. (1991). William James: Spoiled child of American psychology. In G. A. Kimble, M. Wertheimer, & C. White (Eds.) Portraits of pioneers in psychology (pp. 13-25). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- A family of misunderstood disorders, by Richard N. Fogoros
- An American Treatment for the 'American Nervousness'
- Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = Neurasthenia |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|48|0|f|40--> |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|300.5--> |
-->
Neurasthenia was a term first coined by George Miller Beard in
1869. Beard's definition of "neurasthenia" described a condition with symptoms of Fatigue (physical), anxiety,
headache,
impotence,
neuralgia and
depression (mood).
Americans were supposed to be particularly prone to neurasthenia, which resulted in the nickname
"Americanitis" (popularized by William James).
Symptoms
It was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the
central nervous system's energy reserves, which Beard attributed to civilization. Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and the pressures placed on the intellectual class by the increasingly competitive business environment. Typically, it was associated with upper class individuals in sedentary employment.
Treatment
Beard, with his partner
A.D. Rockwell, advocated first
electrotherapy and then increasingly experimental treatments for people with neurasthenia, a position that was controversial. An 1868 review posited that Beard's and Rockwell's grasp of the
scientific method was suspect and did not believe their claims to be warranted.
William James was diagnosed with neurasthenia, and was quoted as saying, "I take it that no man is educated who has never dallied with the thought of suicide." (Townsend, 1996).
Diagnosis
In the late
1800s, neurasthenia became a "popular" diagnosis, expanding to include such symptoms as weakness (medical), dizziness and
fainting, and a common treatment was the rest cure, especially for women, who were the gender primarily diagnosed with this condition at that time. Virginia Woolf was known to have been forced to undergo rest cures, which she describes in her book
On Being Ill. In literature,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's protagonist in
The Yellow Wallpaper also rebels against her rest cure.
Marcel Proust was said to suffer from neurasthenia. To capitalize on this epidemic, the Rexall drug company introduced a medication called 'Americanitis Elixir' which claimed to be a soother for any bouts related to Neurasthenia.
Skepticism
In 1895, Sigmund Freud reviewed electrotherapy and declared it a "pretense treatment." He highlighted the example of Elizabeth von R's note that "the stronger these were the more they seemed to push her own pains into the background,". See also placebo effect.
Nevertheless, neurasthenia was a common diagnosis in World War I - for example, every one of the c.1700 officers processed through the
Craiglockhart War Hospital was diagnosed with neurasthenia - but its use declined a decade later.
Today
The modern view holds that the main problem with the neurasthenia diagnosis was that it attempted to group together a wide variety of cases. In recent years, Richard M. Fogoros has posited that perhaps "neurasthenia" was a word that could include some psychiatric conditions, but more importantly, many physiological conditions marginally more understood by the medical community, such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and various forms of dysautonomia. He emphasizes that the majority of patients who would have once been diagnosed with neurasthenia have conditions that are "real, honest-to-goodness physiologic (as opposed to psychologic) disorders... and while they can make anybody crazy, they are not caused by craziness." (see reference, below)
See also
References
- Marcus, G. (1998, Jan. 26). Where are the the elixers of yesteryear when we hurt? The New York Times.
- Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, E. S. (2004). A history of modern psychology. (pp. 178-179). California: Thomson Wadsworth.
- Townsend, K. (1996). Manhood at Harvard: William James and others. (pp. 32-33). New York: W. W. Norman
- Ross, D. (1991). William James: Spoiled child of American psychology. In G. A. Kimble, M. Wertheimer, & C. White (Eds.) Portraits of pioneers in psychology (pp. 13-25). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- A family of misunderstood disorders, by Richard N. Fogoros
- An American Treatment for the 'American Nervousness'
- Neuraesthenia revisited: ICD-10 and DSM-III-R psychiatric syndromes in chronic fatigue patients and comparison subjects
Neurasthenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neurasthenia is a psycho-pathological term first used by George Miller Beard in 1869 to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neuralgia and ...
Definition: neurasthenia from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
Definition: angiopathic neurasthenia from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
Neurasthenia Disorder
Diagnostic criteria for Neurashenia ... Neurasthenia Disorder. Neurasthenia is characterized by general lassitude, irritability, lack of concentration, worry ...
Neurasthenia - definition of Neurasthenia in the Medical dictionary ...
neurasthenia /neu·ras·the·nia/ (-as-the´ne-ah) a term virtually obsolete in Western medicine but still used in traditional Chinese medicine, denoting a mental disorder marked ...
neurasthenia - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about neurasthenia
Obsolete term for nervous exhaustion, covering mild depression and various symptoms of neurosis. Formerly thought to be a bodily malfunction, it is now generally considered to be ...
The War Poets at Craiglockhart
Soldiers who were diagnosed with 'shell shock', 'neurasthenia', and 'war neurosis' in the hospitals and casualty stations on or near the battlefields, were sent back ...
Neurasthenia Live
Fibromyaglia - muscular rheumatism or neurasthenia
The most common symptoms of fibromyaglia are aches and pains affecting many of the joints and muscles of the body - Bupa health factsheet
neurasthenia -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on neurasthenia:...possessed of the ability to heal and to divine; this person is held to be of great use to society in dealing with the ...
